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Endnotes

1. For state by state information, check FHWA’s website:  www.fhwa.dot.gov/trafficinfo/index.htm
   
2. Data for this case study was gathered from the Springfield Interchange website ( www.springfieldinterchange.com  ), as well as the Interchange Justification Report (US DOT, FHWA, and VDOT. Interchange Justification Report: I-95/I-395/I-495 Interchange Improvement. Richmond, VA: VDOT, 1997.)
   
3. Joan Morris, Virginia Department of Transportation, personal interview, September 1999.
   
4. Alan Sipress and Alice Reid. "Drivers Face a Long Road as Virginia Fixes Mixing Bowl." Washington Post 3 January 1999: A1.
   
5. Data for this case study was gathered from the NJDOT website: www.state.nj.us/njcommuter/roads/rt29/index.htm; and Route 29 Traffic Study (NJDOT and Gannett Fleming. Route 29, Sections 10C and 11B Traffic Study. New Jersey: NJDOT, December 1996.)
   
6. Taxpayers for Common Sense. Road to Ruin. Washington, DC: Taxpayers for Common Sense, April 1999.
   
7. Verna Health, NJDOT Construction Hotline, personal interview, 2 August 1999.
   
8. Data for this case study was gathered from the Interstate 15 website: www.i-15.com; FEIS (UDOT and FHWA. Final Environmental Impact Statement: Interstate 15 Corridor. Salt Lake City, UT: UDOT, 1996.) and the I-15 Corridor Traffic Report (UDOT. I-15 Corridor Traffic Report. Salt Lake City, UT: UDOT, August 1996.)
   
9. Conversation with UDOT I-15 Hotline worker, 7/9/99.
   
10. UDOT and FHWA. Final Environmental Impact Statement: Interstate 15 Corridor. Salt Lake City, UT: UDOT, 1996, p. 17.
    
11. Richard Thomas, WSM Traffic Reporter, personal interview, 9 August 1999.
    
12. Data for this case study was gathered from conversations with Steve Allen, TDOT, 10 August 1999, and from Nashville’s Long Range Transportation Plan (Nashville Metropolitan Planning Organization. Transportation 2015: A Long-Range Transportation Plan for the Five-County Nashville Region. Nashville, TN: TDOT, December 1995.)
    
13. Laura Roberts, TDOT Road Construction Hotline Worker, personal interview, 9 August 1999.
    
14. Speeds based on level of service estimates provided by Steve Allen, TDOT, 10 August 1999.
    
15. Rob Moritz. "Road Work Has Many Truckers Steering Clear." The Tennessean 25 September 1998.
    
16. Surface Transportation Policy Project. Potholes and Politics. Washington, DC: Surface Transportation Policy Project, November 1998.
    
17. USDOT, FHWA, Office of Program Quality Coordination. Meeting the Customer’s Needs for Mobility and Safety During Construction and Maintenance Operations. Washington, DC: USDOT, September 1998, p. 11.
    
18. Tansportation Research Board. Highway Capacity Manual. Washington, DC: TRB, 1994.
    
19. Kaid Benfied, Don Chen and Matthew Raimi. Once There Were Greenfields. Washington, DC: Natural Resources Defense Council and Surface Transportation Policy Project, 1999.
    
20. Martin Boarnet. "Highways and Economic Productivity: Interpreting Recent Evidence," Journal of Planning Literature. May 1997.
    
21. Standing Advisory Committee on Trunk Road Assessment, Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions. Transport and the Economy. August 9, 1999.
    
22. Patrick DeCorla-Souza and Henry Cohen. Accounting for Induced Travel in Evaluation of Urban Highway Expansion. Washington, DC: FHWA, 1997.
    
23. Transportation Research Board Research and Technology Coordinating Committee. Dramatically Reducing Highway Construction Project Times: Suggestions for Research. Washington, DC: TRB, November 1998.
    
24. USDOT, FHWA, Office of Program Quality Coordination. Meeting the Customer’s Needs for Mobility and Safety During Construction and Maintenance Operations. Washington, DC: USDOT, September 1998, p. 10-11.
    
25. James O’Connor. Reducing Highway Construction Project Times: Benefits, Challenges and Opportunities (appendix to TRB report above). Washington, DC: TRB, November 1998.
    
26. Texas Transportation Institute. Urban Roadway Congestion Annual Report. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University, 1994.
    
27. Joe DiStefano and Matthew Raimi. Five Years of Progress, 110 Communities Where ISTEA is Making a Difference. Washington, DC: Surface Transportation Policy Project, December 1996.
    
28. Donald Camph. Dollars & Sense: The Economic Case for Public Transportation in America. Los Angeles, CA: The Campaign for Efficient Passenger Transportation, 1997.
    
29. Lawrence Frank. Land Use Impacts on Household Travel Choice and Vehicle Emissions in the Atlanta Region. Washington, DC: The Turner Foundation, January 1999.
    
30. Patrick DeCorla-Souza and Henry Cohen. Accounting for Induced Travel in Evaluation of Urban Highway Expansion. Washington, DC: FHWA, 1997.